Daftar Gubernur-Jenderal Hindia Belanda

Jabatan Gubernur Jenderal (bahasa Belanda: Gouverneur-Generaal) adalah jabatan penguasa tertinggi dalam pemerintahan Hindia Belanda. Konon jabatan ini baru diadakan pada tahun 1691. Sebelumnya gelar jabatan ini lain istilahnya. Penguasa Hindia Belanda sebelumnya berarti hanya duta VOC saja di Jakarta dan kemudian Batavia.

Setelah bangkrutnya VOC pada tahun 1799, aset-aset VOC di Hindia Belanda

Antoine Baumé - Penemu Hidrometer Skala Baumé

Antoine Baumé

Antoine Baumé (lahir 26 Februari 1728 – meninggal 15 Oktober 1804 pada umur 76 tahun) adalah seorang kimiawan Perancis.

Ia lahir di Senlis. Ia belajar pada kimiawan Claude Joseph Geoffroy dan pada tahun 1752 diterima sebagai anggota École de Pharmacie. Pada tahun yang sama, ia ditunjuk menjadi profesor kimia di sana. Uang yang ia dapatkan dari bisnis produk-produk kimianya di

25. PRABU KRESNA.

  Gambar-207: KRESNA (BOTOH)

 

Gambar-208: KRESNA (SURAK)

 

Gambar-209: PRABU KRESNA (RONDON)

   

Gambar-210: PRABU KRESNA (MANGU)

  

Gambar-211: PRABU KRESNA (JAGONG)

 Gambar-212: PRABU KRESNA (MAWUR)

 

Gambar-213: KRESNA (BOTOH PRADAN)

Nama lain dari Prabu Kresna adalah Harimurti, Padmanaba. Sebelum menjadi raja di negara Dwarawati bernama Raden Narayana. Mempunyai beberapa senjata antara lain Cakra sebagai bukti titisan Batara Wisnu Dewa yang berwenang membagi kebahagiaan. Kembang Wijayakusuma yang bisa menghidupkan orang mati bukan takdir. Jika murka Prabu Kresna bisa bertriwikrama berubah menjadi Brahalasewu seperti Batara Wisnu.

Dalam lakon “Kresna Gugah” Brahala yang sedang tidur membawa senjata Cakra diceritakannya, siapa yang dapat membangunkannya akan menang dalam perang Baratayuda. Maka berusahalah pihak Korawa maupun Pandawa, namun pihak Korawa sia-sia belaka karena jiwa Kresna telah meninggalkan badan wadaknya dan naik ke Kahyangan untuk berunding dengan para Dewa perihal perang Baratayuda. Hanya Arjuna saja yang tahu dan bisa menyusul ke Kahyangan. Jiwa Prabu Kresna kembali ke tubuhnya yang berupa Brahala dan terbangunlah ia dari tidurnya. Terbukti juga Pandawa yang menang dalam perang Baratayuda.

Dalam lakon "Kresna Duta". Prabu Kresna murka pada waktu dikeroyok oleh Korawa di Alun-alun Astina. Bertriwikrama menjadi Brahala juga, dan akhirnya diredakan oleh Batara Surya Dewa Matahari.

            Masih banyak lakon-lakon lain yang disanggit oleh para Dalang, umpamanya lakon “Kresna Boyong”. Jalannya pakeliran dapat didengarkan dalam rekaman kaset wayang yang dibawakan oleh seorang Dalang yang sudah cukup terkenal.

Senjatanya yang lain berwujud Sangkala/terompet yang bernama Pancajanya, kaca paesan untuk melihat peristiwa yang sedang terjadi dan akan terjadi. Aji yang dimiliki antara lain Aji Pameling, Aji Pangabarandan Aji Kawrastawan.

Empat orang permaisurinya antara lain Dewi Jembawati berputra Raden Samba dan Gunadewa (berwujud kera dan ikut kakeknya Jembawan), Dewi Rukmini berputra Saranadewa (berwujud raksasa) dan Partadewa, Dewi Setyaboma berputra Raden Setyaka, Dewi Pertiwi berputra Bambang Suteja dan Dewi Sundari.

Wayang Prabu Kresna yang dikeluarkan waktu sore bermuka agak tunduk disungging warna hitam badan diprada, yang dikeluarkan pada waktu pagi badannya disungging warna hitam. Ini semua tergantung Ki Dalang yang membawakannya. Prabu Kresna berwanda: 1.Gendreh, 2.Rondon, 3.Mawur, 4.Mangu, 5.Botoh, 6.Surak dan 7.Jagong. Di sini ditunjukkan tujuh macam wayang Prabu Kresna,  dengan wanda yang berbeda, yaitu Botoh, Surak, Rondon, Mangu, Jagong dan Mawur.

Obat Biduran atau Alergi Gatal-gatal Tradisional

Masterz Seo ~ Obat sakit biduran atau gatal-gatal dan cara mengobati . Biduran merupakan penyakit gatal-gatal yang sering menyerang kulit banyak orang termasuk saya sendiri juga pernah merasakan sakit biduran. Sebenarnya sudah ada banyak obat biduran di apotik seperti Insidal dan dexstamine namun kali ini saya akan berbagi tips untuk mengobati biduran secara alami atau secara tradisional. Sakit biduran biasanya di tandai dengan kulit kemerah-merahan lalu di sertai dengan gatal-gatal yang sangat luar biasa. Jika anda pernah mengalami biduran, tentu anda sudah sangat hafal dengan gejala penyakit seperti ini. Sakit biduran bisanya di sebabkan oleh berbagi macam faktor seperti karena udara dingin atau alergi terhadap suatu makanan dan juga bisa di sebabkan karena darah kotor. 

Untuk Obat biduran /gelegata tradisional  anda bisa mengkonsumsi Meniran 25 gram dan Kayu manis 10 gram.
Cara mengobati  Biduran atau gelegata dengan Obat Tradisional dalah sebagai berikut :
Tumbuklah kedua bahan diatas meniran dan kayu manis tadi hingga halus, lalu di seduh dengan air yang mendidih, suam-suam kuku minumlah air dari campuran kayu manis dan meniran tadi. Lakukan hal ini rutin sehari 2 kali, pada pagi dan malam sebelum tidur.

Anjuran :
   Gunakanlah air panas untuk mandi dan sebaiknya anda menghindari minum es, makan ikan laut, cumi, udang dan kepiting. Sering-seringlah untuk makan sayuran dan budah pepaya. 
Pada dasarnya sakit biduran muncul dikarenakan kekebalan tubuh kita menurun, penyakit ini memang mudah untuk disembuhkan dengan obat obatan yang banyak tersedia di apotik namun biasanya beberapa hari kemudian penyakit biduran ini akan kabuh kembali bahkan hal ini bisa terjadi hingga beberapa tahun.
Oleh sebab itu belajarlah memulai hidup sehat dan rajin berolahraga, agar kesehatan tetap terjaga dan kondisi tubuh tetap fit setiap hari sehingga sistem kekebalan tubuh anda akan meningkat dan biasanya penyakit biduran akan langsung hilang dengan sendirinya.

Related Post :

• Obat Asam Urat Tradisional Alami
• Cara Memutihkan Kulit Wajah Secara Alami
• Cara Memutihkan Gigi Kuning Secara Alami

Itu tadi sedikit tips dari saya tentang obat biduran atau alergi gatal-gatal . terimakasih telah membaca dan berkunjung ke blog saya semoga artikel ini bermanfaat dan berguna buat anda.

Cara Menanam Jahe Merah Dalam Karung

 - Cara Menanam atau  budidaya Jahe Merah dalam karung | Jahe merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang juga biasa digunakan sebagai pelengkap masakan. Jahe mempunyai banyak varietas,namun yang lebih banyak manfaat dan mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang lebih tinggi adalah jahe merah. Bentuknya lebih kecil dari pada jenis lainnya rasa pedas hangatnya pun juga lebih tajam.
Mungkin sebagian besar orang mengira jahe hanya bisa dibuat minuman penghangat atau pereda tengorokan yang sedang batuk dan pelengkap masakan saja namun kenyataannya Jahe merah juga bisa buat diet, karena jahe merah mengandung senyawa aktif yang mampu membuat awet dan kenyang jadi jika anda mengkonsumsi jahe merah ketika menjalankan diet sangat bagus sekali, selain itu khasiat jahe merah mempunyai banyak sekali manfaat untuk kesehatan dan untuk lebih jelasnya mengenai manfaat jahe merah silakan baca postingan ini : Manfaat dan Khasiat Jahe merah.

Seiring dengan permintaan jahe dipasaran yang semakin meningkat baik pasar luar negeri maupun dalam negeri kini banyak petani yang mencoba membudidayakan jahe merah. Tapi tahukan anda cara menanam jahe yang benar agar mendapatkan panen yang melimpah...?
Ada banyak media yang bisa anda gunakan untuk menanam jahe dan pada kesempatan kali ini saya akan berbagi tips budidaya jahe didalam karung.

Adapun keuntungan budidaya jahe didalam karung ialah bisa menhemat tempat serta menanam jahe Mengunakan media karung sangat mudah dan dapat menghasilkan panen yang jauh lebih banyak, karena didalam satu karung dapat memanen hingga 20 kg, sedangkan ditanah plg banyak 3 sampai 5 kg. Jadi budidaya jahe merah menggunakan karung pasti akan lebih efisien.

Cara Menanam JaheMerah Dalam Karung
1. Siapkan media tanam
Isi karung dengan tanah halus yang sudah dicampur pupuk kompos ditambah ndolomit dan NPK sebanyak 1 persen dari total media. Isi hingga sepertiga bagian karung. Diam kan hingga 1 minggu agar tercampur unsur hara antara tanah dan pupuk kompos. Aduk aduk tiap hari agar tanah tidak mengeras.

2. Menyiapkan benih.
Pilih benih yang sehat, artinya bibit yang mulus tidak cacat. Bisa membeli dipenjual bibit maupun bibit tanaman jahe yang sudah dipanen dari tanaman sebelumnya. Angin anginkan selama kurang lebih 1 hari. Rendam pada cairan fungisida atau insektisida selama kurang lebih 5 menit.

3. Menanam bibit jahe
Bibit yang sudah direndam cairan fungsida kemudian masukkan kedalam media tanam kurang lebih dengan kedalaman 3 sampai 5 cm.

4. Perawatan
Selama sekitar 25 hari lakukan penyiraman apabila media sudah dirasa kering. Karena pada masa masa itu akar akar rimpang jahe mulai tumbuh sehingga harus cukup air. Pada waktu penyiraman tambahkan pupuk kimia agar pertumbuhannya jahe merah lebih maksimal maksimal.

5. Panen
Jahe merah bisa dipanen pada umur 8-10 bulan.

Biodata Pelawak Bagito Grup

Dari kiri ke kanan: Didin, Mi'ing, Unang

Bagito adalah grup lawak dari Indonesia yang terdiri dari Miing (Tb. Dedi Gumelar), Didin (Tb. Didin Pinasti) dan Unang (Hadi Wibowo). Sebelumnya pernah bergabung juga Yanto "Stuck On You".

Berawal dari Radio Suara Kejayaan yang merupakan radio sumber pelawak. Acara pertama yang dilakoni Bagito adalah acara "Konsultan Bingung" tahun 1984. Pelawak

Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo - Penemu Radar Satelit Pengamatan Permukaan Bumi & Pemilik Paten di 118 Negara

Prof. Josaphat 'Josh' Tetuko Sri Sumantyo, Ph.D. adalah salah satu pemegang paten antena mikrostrip (antena berbentuk cakram berdiameter 12 sentimeter dan tebal 1,6 milimeter) yang dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi langsung dengan satelit. Penemu circularly polarized synthetic aperture untuk pesawat tanpa awak dan small satellte, serta radar peramal cuaca 3 dimensi.Saat ini menjabat Full

Sundar Pichai - CEO Baru Google

Sundar Pichai



Nama asli: பிச்சை சுந்தராஜன்

Lahir: Pichai Sundararajan 12 Juli 1972 (umur 43) Madras (sekarang Chennai ), 

Tamil Nadu, India

Pendidikan: B.Tech. , MS , MBA

Alma mater: IIT Kharagpur, Stanford University, Wharton School of University of Pennsylvania

Posisi: Kepala Product & CEO Google yang ditunjuk

Perusahaan: Google Inc.

Pasangan: Anjali Pichai




Pichai Sundarajan,

upacara pengibaran sang saka merah putih pada upacara kemerdekaan republik indonesia

Mario J. Molina - Penemu Bahaya Cloroflorokarbon (CFC) Pada Lapisan ozon

Mario José Molina

Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henriquez (lahir 19 Maret 1943) adalah seorang ahli kimia kelahiran Meksiko dan pelopor yang paling menonjol untuk penemuan lubang ozon Antartika. Pada tahun 2004 ia menjadi profesor di University of California, San Diego dan Pusat Sains Atmosfer di Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Ia merupakan salah seorang pemenang Hadiah Nobel Kimia pada tahun

Thomas Lembong - Menteri Perdagangan (Mendag) - Ke-34

Thomas Trikasih Lembong (lahir 4 Maret 1971; umur 44 tahun) atau lebih dikenal Tom Lembong adalah Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia yang menjabat sejak 12 Agustus 2015, menggantikan Rahmat Gobel. Sebelumnya, Lembong menduduki sebagai Kepala Divisi Asset Management Investment di BPPN dan pernah bergabung dengan Farindo Investments. Selain itu ia juga merupakan salah satu mitra pendiri Quvat

Evvy Kartini Penemu Penghantar Listrik Berbahan Gelas

Baterai , Setipis Kertas Berbahan Gelas

Doktor rer. Nat. (rerum naturalium) Evvy Kartini (Bogor, 22 April 1965) adalah Fisikawan Indonesia yang ahli dalam teknologi tenaga nuklir dan salah satu dari sepuluh ahli sejenis yang ada di dunia. Ia dikenal sebagai ilmuwan penemu penghantar listrik berbahan gelas dengan teknik hamburan netron yang berdaya hantar sepuluh ribu kali lipat dari bahan

Sohibul Iman - Presiden Partai Keadilan Sejahtera ke-6

 Dr. Mohamad Sohibul Iman


Presiden Partai Keadilan Sejahtera ke-6

Mulai menjabat 10 Agustus 2015



Wakil Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Bidang Ekonomi dan Keuangan

Masa jabatan: 26 Februari 2013 – 1 Oktober 2014



Rektor Universitas Paramadina

Masa jabatan: 29 Agustus 2005 – 15 Mei 2007





Informasi pribadi

Lahir: 5 Oktober 1965 Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat

Partai politik: PKS

Agama:

Darmin Nasution - Menteri Koordinator Perekonomian Indonesia ke-16

Darmin Nasution



Menteri Koordinator Perekonomian Indonesia ke-16

Mulai menjabat: 12 Agustus 2015



Gubernur Bank Indonesia ke-14

Masa jabatan: 1 September 2010 – 23 Mei 2013

(Pelaksana Tugas: 27 Juli 2009 - 1 September 2010)



Deputi Gubernur Senior Bank Indonesia

Masa jabatan: 27 Juli 2009 – 1 September 2010



Direktur Jenderal Pajak Kementerian Keuangan Indonesia

Masa jabatan: 21

Soetjipto Soedjono - Penemu Pondasi Sarang Laba-Laba Tahan Gempa

Ir. H. Soetjipto Soedjono



Lahir: Trenggalek, 13 Agustus 1945



Wafat: Surabaya, 24 November 2011



Jabatan: Sekretaris Jenderal PDI-P, Wakil Ketua MPR-RI



Keahlian: Penemu Teknik Fondasi Sarang Laba-laba



Pendidikan: S1 Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)




Ir. Soetjipto Soedjono (lahir di Trenggalek, 13 Agustus 1945 – meninggal di Surabaya, 24 November 2011 pada umur 66 tahun

Christiany Eugenia Paruntu, SE - Bupati Tercantik di Indonesia

Christiany Eugenia Tetty



Bupati Minahasa Selatan

Mulai menjabat: 2010



Lahir: 25 September 1967 Manado, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia



Kebangsaan: Indonesia



Partai politik: Partai Golongan Karya



Suami/istri: Sonny Frans Tandayu




Christiany Eugenia Tetty Paruntu adalah bupati terpilih di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan untuk periode 2010-2015. Ia adalah satu dari sedikit pemimpin daerah

Stanislao Cannizzaro - Penemu Reaksi Kimia yang Melibatkan Disproporsionasi Aldehida Tanpa Hidrogen Pada Posisi Alfa

Stanislao Cannizzaro


Stanislao Cannizzaro adalah seorang kimiawan Italia. Dia dikenal atas reaksi Cannizzro, serta perannya dalam konferensi kimia internasional pertama, yang diselenggarakan di Karlsruhe di Jerman Selatan pada September 1860.


Biografi

Cannizzaro lahir 13 Juli 1826, di Palermo, Italia. Pada 1841, ia masuk universitas di sana dengan tujuan profesinya sebagai pembuat obat,

dirgahayu RI 70

10 november 1945 event in Surabaya

Battle of Surabaya is a historical event of war between the Indonesian army and Dutch troops. This great event occurred on November 10, 1945 in the city of Surabaya, East Java. This battle is the first war of Indonesian forces by foreign troops after the Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia and one of the largest and heaviest battle in the history of the Indonesian National Revolution which became a national symbol on Indonesian resistance against colonialism.
Chronology of events causes
The arrival of Japanese troops to Indonesia
March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later, on March 8, 1945, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to Japan under the agreement Kalidjati. After the unconditional surrender proficiency level, Indonesia formally annexed by Japan.
 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies after the dropping of the atomic bomb (the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. In the foreign power vacuum, then Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945.
The arrival of the British Army & amp; NetherlandsAfter the defeat of the Japanese, the people and fighters Indonesia attempted to disarm the Japanese troops. So there was the battles which claimed in many areas. When the movement to disarm the Japanese troops were blazing, September 15, 1945, British troops landed in Jakarta, then landed in Surabaya on October 25, 1945. The British are coming to Indonesia joined in AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) and a decision on behalf of the Bloc ally, with the task to disarm the Japanese troops, freeing prisoners of war detained Japan, as well as repatriate Japanese troops to the country. But besides the British soldiers who came also a mission to restore Indonesia to the Dutch government administration as a colony of the Dutch East Indies. NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) come ride with a group of British soldiers for that purpose. This has sparked turmoil led to the movement of the people of Indonesia and the Indonesian people resistance everywhere against the army and government AFNEI NICA.

Incident at Hotel Yamato, Tunjungan, Surabaya
After the emergence of the Indonesian government edict dated August 31, 1945 which stipulates that from 1 September 1945 the national flag Sang Saka Merah Putih flown continuously throughout Indonesia, the flag hoisting movement increasingly extends to all corners of the city of Surabaya. Climactic movement in Surabaya flag incident occurred on perobekan flag in Yamato Hoteru / Hotel Yamato (named Oranje Hotel or Hotel Orange in colonial times, now named Hotel Majapahit) on Jl. Tunjungan no. 65 Surabaya.

A group of Dutch people under the leadership of Mr. WVCh Ploegman on the afternoon of September 18, 1945, exactly at 21:00, flying the flag of the Netherlands (Red-White-Blue), without the approval of the Regional Government of Indonesia Surabaya, on pole at the top level Hotel Yamato, north side. The next day the youth of Surabaya saw it and became angry because they assume Netherlands had insulted the sovereignty of Indonesia, was about to return the power back in Indonesia, and harassing the flag hoisting movement ongoing in Surabaya.

Shortly after mengumpulnya mass at Hotel Yamato, Resident Sudirman, warrior and diplomat who was then serving as Deputy Resident (Fuku Syuco Gunseikan) are still recognized by the government of Dai Nippon Surabaya Syu, as well as the Regional Resident Surabaya Indonesian Government, came past the crowd and entered Yamato escorted to the hotel and Hariyono Sidik. As he conferred with representatives RI Mr. Ploegman and his friends and asked that the flag of the Netherlands immediately derived from Yamato Hotel building. In these negotiations Ploegman refused to lower the flag of the Netherlands and refuses to recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia. The talks heated up, Ploegman pulled out a gun, and a fight broke out in the negotiating room. Ploegman died strangled by Sidik, who then also killed by Dutch troops who guard and heard the pistol shot Ploegman, while Sudirman and Hariyono fled abroad Hotel Yamato. Most youth scramble up to the top of the hotel to reduce the Dutch flag. Hariyono originally shared Sudirman back into the hotel and was involved in climbing the flagpole and together Kusno Wibowo managed to lose the Dutch flag, ripped part of the blue, and mengereknya back to the top of the flagpole as the flag.

After the incident at the Yamato Hotel, on October 27, 1945 the first battle erupted between Indonesia against British troops. The small attacks later turned into a general strike that many casualties on both sides Indonesia and England, before finally General DC Hawthorn ask for help President Sukarno to defuse the situation.

The death of Brigadier General MallabyAfter the cease-fire between the Indonesian and British soldiers parties signed on October 29, 1945, the state gradually subside. Nevertheless it still happens armed clashes between the people and the British soldiers in Surabaya. Armed clashes in the Surabaya culminated with the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (led British troops to East Java), on October 30, 1945 at around 20:30. Buick car carrying Brigadier General Mallaby passed by a group of Indonesian militia when it will pass Red Bridge. Misunderstanding leads to a shootout that ended with the death of Brigadier General Mallaby by a pistol shot a young Indonesian man who hitherto unidentified, and the burning of the car is hit by a grenade explosion that caused the bodies Mallaby unrecognizable. Mallaby's death led to the British angry with the Indonesian side and resulted in the replacement decision Mallaby, Major General EC Mansergh for issuing the ultimatum 10 November 1945 to ask the Indonesian side surrendered their arms and cease resistance to the army and administration AFNEI NICA.

The debate about the cause of crossfire
Tom Driberg, a British MP from British Labour Party (Labour Party). On February 20, 1946, in a debate in the British Parliament (House of Commons) doubted that the shootout was initiated by the Indonesian army. He said that the incident was allegedly strong crossfire arise due to misunderstandings 20 member Indian squad led Mallaby who started the firefight did not know that the ceasefire in force because they are cut off from contact and telecommunications. The following excerpt from Tom Driberg: 

"... About 20 people (soldiers) India (owned by the British), in a building on the other side of the square, has been cut off from communication by phone and did not know about the ceasefire. They shot sporadically at mass (Indonesia). Brigadier Mallaby out of the discussion (truce), walk straight into the crowd, with great courage, and shouted to the Indian soldiers to stop firing. They are obedient to him. Maybe half an hour later, a mass in the square become turbulent again. Brigadier Mallaby, at a certain point in the discussion, ordered Indian troops to shoot again. They opened fire with two guns Bren and mass broke up and run for cover; then broke again with a really intense battle. It is clear that when Brigadier Mallaby gave the order to open fire again, negotiating cease-fire has actually broken out, at least locally. Twenty minutes to half an hour after that, he (Mallaby) unfortunately was killed in a car-though (we) are not really sure if he was killed by the Indonesian people who approached his car; which exploded simultaneously with the attack against him (Mallaby). 

I think this can not be accused of murder sneaky ... I can as soon as possible because the information from witnesses, that a British officer who actually exist in the scene at the time, the intention honest I had no reason to question ... "
Ultimatum 10 November 1945
After the killing of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor, Major General Mansergh issued an ultimatum stating that all the leaders and the people of Indonesia are armed to report and put the gun in a specified place and surrendered with arms raised. Ultimatum limit is at 6:00 am November 10, 1945.

The ultimatum was then regarded as an insult to the fighters and the people who have formed many agencies struggle / militia. The ultimatum was rejected by the Indonesian side of the Republic of Indonesia on the grounds that it was already established, and the People's Security Army (TKR) has also been established as the state forces. In addition, many organizations have formed armed struggle of society, including among the youth, students and students who oppose the re-entry of the Dutch government that ride with the presence of British troops in Indonesia.
On November 10 morning, the British army began a large-scale attack, which begins with aerial bombing government buildings to Surabaya, and then deployed about 30,000 infantry, a number of aircraft, tanks and warships.

Various parts of the city of Surabaya bombarded and shot with a cannon from the sea and land. Resistance forces and militias Indonesia then raged across the city, with the active support of the population. The involvement of the population in this battle resulted in thousands of civilians fall victim in the attack, both died mupun injured.
Unexpectedly the British who suspect that the resistance in Surabaya can be conquered within three days, the young pioneers of public figures such as Bung Tomo is a big influence in the community continues to drive the spirit of resistance youths Surabaya so that the resistance continues in the midst of a large-scale attack Britain. Religious leaders consisting of scholars and clerics among clerics cottage Java-like KH. Hasyim Ashari, KH. Wahab Hasbullah and

pesantren leaders were also exert their students and civil society as a militia resistance (at that time the community is not so obedient to the government but they are more docile and obedient to the clerics) shingga Indonesia longstanding opposition parties, from day to day, until the other from week to week. Popular resistance initially spontaneous and uncoordinated, increasingly regular. This large-scale battle reaches up to three weeks, before the whole city of Surabaya eventually fall in the hands of the British.At least 6,000 fighters from Indonesia were killed and 200,000 civilians displaced from Surabaya. [2]. Victims of British and Indian troops approx number 600. The bloody fighting in Surabaya, which takes thousands of lives have been moving people's resistance throughout Indonesia to repel the invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who died and civilians who are victims on 10th day of November later remembered as Heroes Day by the Republic of Indonesia until now.

The killing of Brigadier General Mallaby

Once agreed Truce (truce) dated October 30, 1945, the civil and military leadership of Indonesia, as well as British military leaders together around town with a motorcade, to disseminate the agreement. British defense post of 8, 6 of which are no problems, only in two places, namely in Building and Building Internatio Lindeteves extant problems / shootouts.
Having successfully overcome the difficulties in building Lindeteves, Indonesia-UK group immediately headed Internatio Building, the last British defense post is problematic. When the group arrived at the site, it appears that the building was surrounded by hundreds of youths. After crossing the Red Bridge, seven vehicles entered the area and stopped in front of the building. Indonesian leaders immediately outside the vehicle and shouted to the masses, in order to stop the shoot-out

Captain Shaw, Mohammad Mangundiprojo and T.D. Kundan commissioned into the building to convey to the British soldiers who survived in the building, the result of negotiations between the UK and Indonesia. Mallaby was in the car parked in front of the Internatio. Moments after entering the group, looks TD Kundan rushed out of the building, and shortly thereafter, shots were heard from the direction of the building. This shot directly returned by the Indonesian side. Gunfight lasted about two hours. After the shoot-out can be stopped, looked devastated and Mallaby Mallaby car itself was found to have been killed.
There are two events on October 30, 1945, at which time it is cast by the British to the Indonesian side, as being in charge, and then used as an excuse Mansergh to "punish extremists" by issuing

ultimatum of November 9, 1945:
1. People Indonesia started shooting, and thus has violated the ceasefire (Truce),
2. People Indonesia killed Brigadier Mallaby.
Mallaby deaths is very controversial, but about who started the shooting, later quite clear. Testimony is actually coming from the UK. It is based on statements of several British officers were given to some parties.
The most interesting is delivered to Tom Driberg, a Member of the British Parliament from the Labour Party (Labour). On February 20, 1946, in the debate in Parliament (House of Commons) Tom Driberg, delivering:

“….. some of the press reports from Indonesia have been entirely responsible. In particular, I have learned from officers who have recently returned that some of the stories which have been told, not only in the newspaper, but, I am sorry to say, from the Government Front Bench in his House, have been very far from accurate and have innecessarily imparted prejudice and concerns the lamented death of Brigadier Mallaby. That was announced to us as a foul murder, and we accepted it as such. I have learned from officers who were present when it happened the exact details and it is perfectly clear that Brigadier Mallaby was not murdered but was honourably killed in action……. The incident was somewhat confused –as such incidents are- but it took place in and near Union Square in Surabaya. There had been discussions about a truce earlier in the day. A large crowd of Indonesians –a mob if you like- had gathered in the square and were in a rather excited state.
About 20 Indians, in a building on the other side of the square, had been cut off from telephonic communication and did not know about the truce. They were firing sporadically on the mob. Brigadier Mallaby came out from the discussions, walked straight into the crowd, with great courage, and shouted to the Indians to cease fire. They obeyed him. Possibly half an hour later, the mob in the square became turbulent again. Brigadier Mallaby, at a certain point in the proceedings, ordered the Indians to open fire again. They opened fire with two Bren Guns and the mob dispersed and went to cover; then fighting broke out again in good earnest. It is apparent that when Brigadier Mallaby gave the order to open fire again, the truce was in fact broken, at any rate locally. Twenty minutes to half an hour after that, he was unfortunately killed in his car –although it is not absolutely certain whether he was killed by Indonesians who were approaching his car; which exploded simultaneously with the attack on him.
I do not think this amounts to charge of foul murder …..because my information came absolutely at first hand from a British officer who was actually on the spot at the moment, whose bona fides I have no reason to question…..” 

  Here Tom Driberg doubt, that Mallaby killed by the Indonesian people. He stated:
"... .it Is not absolutely Certain Whether he was killed by indonesians who were approaching his car; the which exploded simultaneously with the attack on him. "
Furthermore, he also denied that the deaths Mallaby result "sly killed" (FOULLY Murdered). It seems the leadership of the British army -to generate / reinforce a sense of antipathy against Indonesia- willing to degrade the death of a high-ranking officer to be "killed cunning" than declared "killed in action" in pertempuran- -tewas the honor for every soldier.

Also narrative K. Venu Gopal, at that time held the rank of Major, who is Commander D Company, 6th Battalion, Mahratta. Company D is taking place in the House Internatio defense. Dated August 8, 1974, he wrote to J.G.A. Parrot, among others:

“Let me first give you some background. “D” Coy had been under fire off and on and had already casualties. The firing came from other buildings on the square and by and large we were able to contain it. We could, however, see that armed men barred all the exits from the square.
Meanwhile armed Indonesians swarmed over to the veranda of the building and I had to bluntly tell them that I would fire if they started pressing into the building. By this time I could not see Brigade Mallaby or the LOs (Liaison Officers) because of the crowds on the veranda.
Just then Capt. Shaw and Kundan ( I did not know their names at that time) tried to get into the building but were prevented. Kundan then shouted to the crowd that he would get us surrender and he and Capt.Shaw were then allowed to go into the building if they took an Indonesian officer with them. I allowed them in hoping to play for time. After a little time Kundan went out of the building, leaving Capt. Shaw and the Indonesian Officer behind.
Soon thereafter the armed men started pushing in and I was left with no option but to open fire. The Decision was mine and mine alone. Capt. Smith is correct when he says that BM (Mallaby-pen.) did not give any orders to Capt. Shaw..”

With the recognition Mayor Gopal, commander of Company D which survive in Internatio Building, now proven, that the starting shot is the British; but it looks like he still wants to protect the former boss to underline, that the firing command is his own decision. This is clearly contrary to the testimony T.D. Kundan, which is reinforced by the testimony of a British officer by Tom Driberg.
With this recognition is clear, that the British at that time twist the facts and alleged that the ceasefire has been violated Indonesian side (the Truce roomates had been broken). In the tense situation an explosion or fire will cause panic in groups that still covered the atmosphere of combat, so that the shot immediately returned; the battle around the

From the recognition of both the British officers have clear, that trigger the shoot-out was the British themselves. This allegation is actually right, when listened Mallaby way of thinking, as written by Capt. Smith:

“…He (Mallaby, red.) did not believe in the safe-conducts in so far as it applied to us, but thought that some at least of the Company might get away. Accordingly Capt. Shaw was sent into the building to give the necessary orders…..”

Sebelum itu, menurut Smith, telah terjadi perbedaan pendapat antara Kapten Shaw dan Mallaby mengenai permintaan para pemuda Indonesia, agar tentara Inggris meninggalkan persenjataan mereka di dalam gedung. Awalnya, Kapten Shaw menyetujui permintaan ini, tetapi Mallaby kemudian membatalkannya. Smith :
“…Eventually, the mob demanded that the troops in the building laid (sic) down their arms and marched (sic) out: they and us (sic) guaranteed a safeconduct back to the air field. The Brigadier flatly refused to consider this proposal. After further pressure, however, Capt.Shaw, who was well known to some of the indonesians through his job as FSO, and who had been a considerable strain since our arrival in Surabaya, agreed to the terms on his own responsibility. The Brigadier at once countemanded this………”

Tom Driberg description in the British Parliament (House of Commons) looks statement obtained from Captain Shaw.
Then the second charge, that the Indonesian people "falsely kill Mallaby", need to be investigated further. On the Indonesian side many people claimed that it was he who shot Mallaby. Hj. Lukitaningsih I. Rajamin-Supandhan noted, there are about 12 people who claimed to be the shooting Mallaby. However, in the judgment of some of the agents of history, of some of the information given, the true story is most likely delivered by Abdul Azis. (See: Barlan Setiadijaya, 10 November 1945 ...., Pp. 429-435.) Dul Arnowo noted the report of an eyewitness, Ali Harun, which is then forwarded to President Sukarno. The letter was brought by Colonel dr. W. Hutagalung to Jakarta, and delivered directly to the President Sukarno on 8 November 1945.

From various accounts, these were true shooting with a gun by a young Indonesian man toward Mallaby, but no one can be sure, that Mallaby was killed by the gunfire. What is interesting to observe is the recognition of Captain RC Smith of Battalion 6, Mahratta Regiment, which at that time served as the Brigade Liaison Officer 49. On 31 October, he gave the first report, and then in February, in connection with the description of Tom Driberg in the House of Commons. Smith reports published by J.G.A. Parrot, in his analysis, Who Killed Brigadier Mallaby? Captain R.C. Smith writes:

 “The Report by Capt. R.C. Smith.

At approximately 1230 hrs. on 30th October, Capt T.L. Laughland and I were ordered by Col. L.H.O.Pugh, DSO, 2i/c (Second in Command) of the Bde., to proceed to the Government offices, where we were each to collect an Indonesian representative. From there one of us was to go north, and the other south, through the town, and try to persuade the mobs to go back to their barracks. Brigadier Mallaby was at this time in conference with the Governor in the Government Offices.
On arrival there, we were told by the Brigadier that the Indonesians had refused to treat with anyone except him. Accordingly we set off with the Brigadier and the FSO (Field Security Officer), Capt. Shaw, plus the leaders of the various parties, in several cars, the foremost of which was flying the white flag.
The first place to which we went was a large building about 150 yards west of the Kali Mas River, which runs north and south through the town. One Coy of the 6 Mahrattas had been having a very stiff fight in this building against about five hundred Indonesians, and had been in considerable difficulties.
On our arrival there, the mob was collected round the cars, and the various party leaders made speeches to them, in an attempt to persuade them to return to their barracks. The speeches were at first quite well received, and the necessary promises given.
We then got into our cars and set off for the next position. We had only gone about 100 yards when we were stopped by the mob aproximately 20 yards from the Kali Mas. From then on the situation rapidly deteriorated. The mob leaders began to incite the mob, and the party leaders gradually lost control. The mob, which up to that time had seemed fairly friendly towards us, became distinctly menacing: swords were waved, and pistols pointed at us and we were left with very little doubt as to their intentions.
Eventually, the mob demanded that the troops in the building laid (sic) down their arms and marched (sic) out: they and us (sic) guaranteed a safe-conduct back to the air field. The Brigadier flatly refused to consider this proposal. After further pressure, however, Capt.Shaw, who was well known to some of the indonesians through his job as FSO, and who had been under a considerable strain since our arrival in Surabaya, agreed to the terms on his own responsibility. The Brigadier at once countemanded this: on further consideration, he decided that the company had been in so bad a position before, that any further fighting would lead to their being wiped out.
He did not believe in the safe-conduct in so far as it applied to us, but thought that some at least of the company might get away. Accordingly Capt. Shaw was sent into the building to give the necessary orders.
The rest of us were disarmed – except for a grenade which Capt. Laughland managed to keep concealed – and made to sit in one of the cars.
The Brigadier was on the side nearest to the Kali Mas, Capt. Laughland in the middle, and myself on the outside nearest to the building in which our troops were.
When Capt. Shaw got into the building, the Indonesians brought up a machine gun to cover the entrance. He and the company commander decided that any attempt to walk out unarmed would lead to a massacre and so the order to open fire was given.
As soon as the firing started, the three of us who were in the car crouched down on the floor as far as possible. An Indonesian came up to the Brigadier’s window with a rifle. He fired four shots at three of us, all of which missed. He went away while we shammed dead. The battle went on for about two and a half hours, to about 2030 hrs, by which time it was dark. At the end of that time, the firing died down to some extent, and we could hear shouting as though the Indonesians were being collected. Two of them came up to the car and attempted to drive it away. That failed and one of them opened the back door on the Brigadier’s side. The Brigadier moved, and as they saw from that, that he was still alive, he spoke to them and asked to be taken to one of the party leaders. The two Indonesians went away to discuss this, and one of them came back to the front door on the Brigadier’s side. The Brigadier spoke to him again, the Indonesian answered, and then suddenly reached his hand in through the front window, and shot the Brigadier. It took from fifteen seconds to half-a-minute for the Brigadier to die, but from the noise he made at the end, there was absolutely no doubt that he was dead. (Notes from Parrot: This was the first time that these details of the final moments of Brigadier Mallaby had been made public. In this second report Smith offered the following explanation:”In the report made by Capt.Laughland and myself the following morning we stated that the Brigadier was killed instantly. This was done in order to spare the feelings of the family.”)
As soon as he had fired, the Indonesian ducked down beside the car, and remained there until after the Brigadier was dead. I took the pin out of the grenade which Capt.Laughland had previously passed to me, and waited. The Indonesian appeared again, and fired another shot which grazed Capt. Laughland’s shoulder. I let go the lever of the grenade, held it for two seconds to make sure it was not returned and threw it out of the open door by Brigadier’s body. As soon as it had exploded, Capt. Laughland and I went out of the door on my side of the car, waited for a short time, then ran around the car and dived into the Kali Mas. As the two Indonesians by the side of the car did not attemp to interfere with us it is presumed that they were killed by the grenade—which also set the back seat of the car on fire. After five hours in the Kali Mas, we managed to reach our troops in the Dock area.”

  Smith's description a.l. strengthen Gopal explanation, that it is true the British who started the shooting. Smith's testimony is similar to the description of Abdul Aziz; and it turns out he was not dead as alleged Smith.
In connection with the shotgun shooting that occurred prior to the shooting of Mallaby, in a letter to Parrot dated November 23, 1973, Smith wrote, among others:

“I have no idea what hapenned to the four shots from the rifleman. He approached the car from the left (the Brigadiers side) with the rifle at the ready, and looking at the three of us. I am not ashamed to say at this point I shut my eyes and started counting the shots!
I think all three of us were equally surprised at finding both ourselves and the others alive afterwards!”Certainly very remarkable, that the shooting of three people who were sitting in the car narrow with four shots, but none of them were hit. This shows, that can be ascertained, the owner of the gun for the first time to shoot, so shoot three people with the highest possible distance of 2 meters, missed all four shots.
Regarding the characteristics of shooter Mallaby, in a letter to Parrot dated February 20, 1974, Smith wrote:

“… the indonesian who killed the Brigadier was a young lad around 16 or 17 approximately, but it was too dark to see whether he was wearing any sort of uniform. The weapon was an automatic pistol …”

Kemudian pada 20 Februari 1974, Smith menulis kepada Parrot yang isinya antara lain:
“I have no recollection of the conversation that the Indian interpreter reported and while I certainly could not state that I heard everything that happenned, I think I should have remembered this, if not now after 30 years, certainly at the time when I wrote my report. However, in all fairness, I must say that there were moments when my attention was distracted from the Brigadier myself. For instance, I can remember spending some time trying to convince a very angry young Indonesian that I had not personally be responsible for his brother’s death.
Going back to my report, the position of all of us was very closely gouped around one car so that there was only a matter of a very few feet between us. Therefore, Brigadier Mallaby was certainly able to hear when Captain Shaw agreed to the demands of the mob, which was why he was able to countermand it immediately. As I said, he then changed his mind in the hope that some of the men at least might reach safety, but the orders that he gave Captain Shaw were that the troops in the building should lay down their arms and come out unarmed, in the hope of safe-conduct.
I definitely did not hear any suggestion that they should be ordered to open fire after a certain length of time had elapsed. The one thing that has always been quite firmly established in my memory is that the orders to fire were given by Captain Shaw once he had got into the building.”

  The doubt here is alleged Smith, that Mallaby was killed as a result of gunshot Indonesian youth. As in his writings, he said that at the time at around 20:30 and darkness. Indeed, the flow of electricity in the area has been decided by the Indonesian side. He just said:"... Based on sound is heard from the direction Mallaby, he is convinced that Mallaby had killed 15-30 seconds after being shot with a gun ..."In addition, he also admitted, that the grenades were thrown through the body Mallaby has resulted in the burning of the back seat of their car, meaning Mallaby place to sit.According to the examination at the hospital, the bodies Mallaby very difficult to recognize, because the charred and ruined. He identified through markings watches in his arms, as Mallaby known for his habit of wearing two watches; so instead of identifying a face or other body characteristics. It is delivered by dr. Sugiri, to Colonel dr. W. Hutagalung.

Had Smith correct information, that Mallaby does not give the command to start shooting, even opposite, namely Shaw instructed the captain to command the British soldiers in the building in order to lay down their arms and out of the building without weapons, then there has been a fatal defiance, the command of company commander, Major Gopal, to start shooting. Viewed from any angle, the incidence of gunfire that resulted in the death of Mallaby, is the fault of British troops.Regarding the allegation that Mallaby killed by gunshot, very doubtful. Obviously to defend himself, Smith and Laughland must declare in advance that Mallaby had been killed when Smith threw a grenade, which was then just burn the back of their car and Mallaby riding. Several witnesses on the part of Indonesia said that the car exploded as a result of the grenade Mallaby and thus, arguably Mallaby was killed by mistake the British themselves. From the chronology of events can be inferred, that Mallaby was killed because the shelling flared again.Which is very interesting to observe in connection with the grenade attacks by Captain Smith, is testimony Trisnaningprojo Imam Sutrisno, a young army captain, a former member of PETA. Trisnaningprojo participate in the motorcade in order to disseminate the results of the agreement Sukarno-Hawthorn. That Smith was the one who threw the grenade that resulted in the burning car carrying Mallaby, recognized by Smith himself, but Trisnaningprodjo said that Smith had not been in the car with Mallaby, but together Laughland outside the car when shots were fired against Mallaby. Trisnaningprojo see, Smith is near the building and threw a grenade in the direction of the young man who shot Mallaby, but the grenade exploded next to a car Mallaby the rear door open. So, Captain Smith did not throw a grenade from the car, but from outside the car. This means that no one knows Mallaby condition after the shooting of the youth Indonesia, whether injured or indeed killed as narrative Smith.

Did you mean: Neither of the testimony of Smith, as well as statements that include sketches Trisnaning Projo location at the time of the incident, the youth Indonesia shooting with a gun in the direction of Mallaby through the front window on the left side of the car, while Mallaby -still according to Smith sat in the back seat, on the far left side. From the position of Indonesian youth, although he uses his left hand, most likely body parts Mallaby right that will hit, and this is usually not lethal. Different, if the affected body part is left, in the heart. In addition, also no one can be sure, that the boy shot right on target as previously -also according to Smith when the three of us are still sitting in the back of the car, there is shooting at them with guns four times, but none of the bullets whatever about them. There is a possibility, that the young man with a pistol shot, also the first time holding a gun, so it has not been adept at using. When interviewed by Ben Anderson on August 13, 1962, Dul Arnowo stated that he believes Mallaby inadvertently, had been killed by his own men.

Neither of the testimony of Smith, as well as statements that include sketches Trisnaningprojo location at the time of the incident, the youth Indonesia shooting with a gun in the direction of Mallaby through the front window on the left side of the car, while Mallaby -still according to Smith sat in the back seat, on the far left side. From the position of Indonesian youth, although he uses his left hand, most likely body parts Mallaby right that will hit, and this is usually not lethal. Different, if the affected body part is left, in the heart.In addition, also no one can be sure, that the boy shot right on target as previously -also according to Smith when the three of us are still sitting in the back of the car, there is shooting at them with guns four times, but none of the bullets whatever about them. There is a possibility, that the young man with a pistol shot, also the first time holding a gun, so it has not been adept at using.When interviewed by Ben Anderson on August 13, 1962, Dul Arnowo stated that he believes Mallaby inadvertently, had been killed by his own men.In a confidential report to his superior, Colonel Laurens van der Post former British Military Governor in Batavia / Jakarta in 1945, wrote (Sir Laurens van der Post, The Admiral's Baby, John Murray, London, 1996):
"The details of what happenned at Sourabaya is not really relevant to this review but it is interresting that the very latest evidence that the Mallaby Suggests Murder, far from being premiditatet or a deliberate breach of faith, was the caused more by the indescribable confusion and nervousness excitement of everyone in the town. Had General Hawthorn, the General Officer Commanding Java at the same time, had proper Civil Affairs and political officers on his staff to draft his unfortunate proclamations for him and to keep [in] continuous and informed contact with population, the story of Sourabaya may well have been different.